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Fuel and Lube Oil Technical Manual
1. The Basic Building Blocks
1.1 Base Oils
1.2 Synthetics
1.3 Residual Fuel Oil (HFO)
Summary
2. Fuel Oil - Characteristics
2.1 Terminology
2.2 Density
2.3 Viscosity
2.4 Flash Point
2.5 Pour Point
2.6 Carbon Residue
2.7 Ash
2.8 Water
2.9 Sulphur
2.10 Vanadium & Sodium
2.11 Aluminium & Silicon
2.12 Compatibility & Sediment
2.13 Specific Energy
12.14 Ignition Quality
12.15 Summary
3. Fuel Oil - Delivery & Sampling
3.1 Specifications
3.2 Delivery
3.3 Quantity Determination
3.4 Dubious Practices
3.5 Sampling
3.6 Sample Position
3.7 A Representative Sample
3.8 Storing the Sample
3.9 IMO MARPOL Annex VI
4. Fuel Oil - Test Results
4.1 Comparing Test Results with Limit Values
4.2 Guidelines for Accepting or Rejecting a Fuel Delivery
4.3 The Fuel Treatment System
4.4 Filters
4.5 Test Parameters - Density
4.6 Test Parameters - Water
4.7 - Sulphur
4.8 Catalyst Fines
4.9 Ash
4.10 Carbon Residue
4.11 Flash Point
4.12 Vanadium & Sodium
4.13 Viscosity
4.14 Pour Point
4.15 Stability and Compatibility
4.16 Combustion
4.17 Summary
5. Lube Oil - Characteristics
5.1 Tribology
5.2 Additives
6. Lube Oil - Sampling
6.1 The Sampling Point and Method
6.2 The Sampling Interval
6.3 Baseline Information for Oil Analysis
7. Lube Oil - Test Results
7.1 Key Condition Indicators for Lube Oils
7.1.1 Viscosity
7.1.2 Water
7.1.3 Salt
7.1.4 Insolubles
7.1.5 Total Base Number (TBN)
7.1.6 Total & Strong Acid Number (TAN & SAN)
7.2 Diesel Engine Oil
7.2.1 Crankcase Oil
7.2.2 Viscosity
7.2.3 Water Content and Salt/Fresh Water
7.2.4 Insolubles
7.2.5 Total Base Number (TBN)
7.2.6 System Oil
7.2.7 Cylinder Oil
7.3 Gas Engines
7.4 Enclosed Gears
7.4.1 Viscosity
7.4.2 Water
7.4.3 Total Acid Number (TAN)
7.5 Compressor Oil
7.5.1 Air Compressor Oils
7.5.2 Gas Compressor Oils
7.5.3 Refrigeration Compressor Oils
7.6 Hydraulic Oil
7.6.1 Viscosity
7.6.2 Water
7.6.3 Total Acid Number (TAN)
7.6.4 Particulate Contamination
7.7 Turbine Oil
7.7.1 Contamination
7.7.2 Steam Turbines
7.7.3 Gas Turbine Oil
7.8 Spectrochemical Oil Analysis
7.8.1 Silicon
7.8.2 Iron & Alloys
7.8.3 Copper and Alloys
7.8.4 Aluminium and Alloys
7.8.5 Chromium Alloy and Plating
7.8.6 Lead and Tin Overlay or Flashing
7.8.7 Nickel Alloy (with iron); Plating
7.8.8 Silver Plating; Tracer
7.8.9 Molybdenum Alloy (with iron); Plating
7.8.10 Magnesium Alloy
7.8.11 Titanium Alloy (with iron)
7.8.12 Antimony Alloy (with lead and/or tin)
7.8.13 Zinc Alloy
7.8.14 Other Contaminants
7.9 Directory of Bearing Failures
Water
Acidic Attack
Insolubles and Debris
Viscosity
Overload
Misalignment
Fretting
Electrical
Appendix 1: Viscosity Conversion Tables
Appendix 2: List of Acronyms
Appendix 3: List of Terms
Water Treatment Technical Manual
1. pH Testing
1.1 Top Ten Frequently Asked Questions for pH Meters
1.2 Dos & Don'ts of pHScan Testers
1.3 Cleaning & Reconditioning pHScan Electrodes
1.4 pH Electrode Care and Maintenance
1.5 Temperature Compensation for pH Meters
2.Conductivity/Total Dissolved Solids
2.1 Practical Considerations for Conductivity/TDS Measurement
2.2 Conductivity To TDS Conversion Factors
2.3 TDS Conversion Values
3. ORP/Redox
3.1 Calibrating ORP Measurement Systems
3.2 Conditioning & Cleaning ORPScan for Maximum Response
3.3 Redox Standards & Checking
4. Applications Related/General Information
4.1 Importance of the pH Value in Engine's Coolant
4.2 Measurement of pH in the Biochemistry and Food Industries
4.3 Measuring pH in Fresh Water Aquariums
4.4 Measuring pH in Pool Care
4.5 pH and ORP Measurement in Swimming Pools
4.6 pH Application Areas
Analex PQ Instruments FAQ
PQA Belt Cleaning and Adjustment Procedure
ANALEXpqA Frequently Asked Questions and Troubleshooting Tips
PQ measurement on ANALEXpqA versus ppm measurement on ANALEXfdM
How does the PQ Index relate to ppm of Iron using methods such as ICP?
ANALEXrs Sensors FAQ
Kittiwake Sensors vs Vibration Sensors
Oil Condition Sensor: Frequently Asked Questions
Fuel & Oil Test Equipment FAQ
We interested in starting a oil analysis program. What equipment is needed?
Publications & Press Articles
Recommended Publications
Press Articles
Kittiwake Technical Articles
Lubricant testing
Black Paint
Cool and Clean
Grease - the Cinderella of Lubrication
O Rings
Testing Times For Used Lubricants
Water in Lube Oil
Acidity
The Well Travelled Engine
Total Base Number
Total Base Number in Marine Engines
Hydrox Sterntube Oils
Emulsifiable Sterntube Lubricants
Directory of Bearing Failures
Water
Acidic Attack
Insolubles and Debris
Viscosity
Overload
Misalignment
Fretting
Electrical
Fuel Testing
To Pass or Fail?
The Real World of Fuel Deliveries
Fuel Injectors
A Fuel Sample - How it Works
Ignition Quality
Major Advance for Bunker Fuel Testing
The Practical Implication of Test Results
The Price of Sampling Oil
Oil Analysis Articles
Integrating On-site Oil Analysis With Laboratory Analysis
Training Resources
Non Product Specific FAQ
Downloads
Equipment Returns
News
Machinery condition results in seconds! PPM Ferrous Wear Debris Trending
Intechno Japan impress at IFPEX'08
Monitoring levels of Insolubles has never been so simple
Smagua 2008 - Another Sucessful show
Kittiwake Biodiesel Kit Helps Sussex Go Green
Wilhelmsen Maritime Services (WMS) sign Krystallon Scrubber System Distribution Agreement
Kittiwake Expand futher with the formation of Kittiwake Hellas S.A
Kittiwake Expands with the Formation of Kittiwake Americas
Kittiwake Appoints Martin Lucas as Managing Director
At Last - An Onsite Biodiesel Test Kit
New! Upgraded DIGI Test Cell
Krystallon scoops top environmental honours at Seatrade Awards 2007
Krystallon in new air pollution deal with Holland America Line
Kittiwake Water Test Range Gears up for Growth
Expanding Kittiwake Asia Pacific welcomes Zainudin Yahya
Electronics trained to latest standards
Bullio exhibit the Kittiwake range in Italy
Kittiwake trains Talisman Energy
Kittiwake Success at SMM 2006
Kittiwake Asia Pacific hosts second regional Dealer Conference.
Kittiwake introduces the latest in Moisture Sensor technology – Part of the ANALEXrs range
Kittiwake and Water Kits Supply Success at Smagua 2006
Kittiwake Success at Maintec for the 2nd Year
Krystallon pledges fast reliable retro-fits
Safer and more stable way to test Boiler Phosphates
NEW – Bardac 22 and Isothiazolinone Test Kits
Kittiwake pH & Conductivity Meter ranges gets an upgrade
Kittiwake introduce a quick and effective Glycol Test
Kittiwake Launch ANALEXrs Remote Sensor Range
On Line Sensor Technology launched in Korea at Marine Week
Kittiwake Asia Pacific Present Key Note Lecture at PSME in Manila
Kittiwake Bunker Samplers - Complying with MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI
Petronas and Kittiwake display NEW products in Jakarta
Kittiwake hosts second world wide dealer conference - 2005
Kittiwake introduces new portable Colorimeter to its water range
First Commercial Oil Testing Laboratory in China adopts PQ Technology
Kittiwake receives a visit from "Down Under"!
Kittiwake Asia Pacific give presentation to RINA and IMarEst
Kittiwake Support MTI, Malaysia
Bunker Sample Storage System first to gain GL approval
Kittiwake Expands in Asia Pacific
Kittiwake hosts Asia Pacific Dealer Conference 2004
Kittiwake participate at Caterpillar DSG Conference in Vancouver
Kittiwake unveils new IMO compliant Bunker Sample Storage System at SMM 2004
Water Engineers kitted out with Kittiwake
Product Section
Product Catagory
Fuel & Oil Testing
Applications
Biodiesel Testing
Biodiesel Test Kit
Cloud Point Detector
Field Incubator & Dipslides
Flashpoint Tester
Free Fatty Acid Test Kit
Slow Speed Diesels
Water in Oil
Total Base Number (TBN)
Viscosity
Salt Contamination
Insolubles
Scrapedown
Cylinder Oil Sampling
Density
Compatibility
Pour Point
Oil Analysis
Medium & High Speed Diesels
Water in Oil
Total Base Number (TBN)
Salt Contamination
Insolubles
Viscosity
Density
Compatibility
Cloud Point
Pour Point
Pot Meter
Oil Analysis
Bunker Fuel Sampling & Testing
Bunker Sample Storage System
Bunker Sampler
Bunker Sampling Accessories
Sample Bottles & Consumables
Fuel Sampling
Oil Analysis
Compatibility Tester
Gearboxes & Compressors
Viscosity
Total Acid Number (TAN)
Water in Oil
Wear Debris
Hydraulics & Turbines
Water in Oil
Viscosity
Oil Analysis
Total Acid Number (TAN)
Insolubles
Hydraulic Particles
Equipment
Fuel & Lube Oil Laboratories
Oil Test Centre
Oil Test Cabinet
Power Plant Laboratory
Density Meter
Compatibility Tester
Heated Viscometer
Unheated Viscometer
Cloud Point Detectors
Pour Point
Flashpoint Tester
Oil Test Kits
Water in Oil
Total Base Number (TBN)
Salt Contamination
Viscosity
Total Acid Number (TAN)
Insolubles
Hydraulic Particles Test Kit
Biodiesel Test Kit
Cutting Fluid Test Kit
Fuel Oil Sampling
Bunker Sample Storage System
Bunker Samplers
Bunker Sampling Accessories
Sample Bottles & Consumables
Lube Oil Sampling
Sampling Equipment
Specialist Equipment
Potmeter
Hydraulic Particles Test Kit
Flashpoint Tester
Reagents and Spares
Reagent Packs
Spare Parts
Water Testing
Applications
Boiler Treatment
Commercial Laundry
Cooling Water
Legionella L8 Test Kits
Food and Beverage
Hydroponics
Pool and Spa
Langelier Water Balance Test Kits
Potable Water
Wastewater
Water System Disinfection
Marine & Shipping
Marine Hygiene Test Kit
Specialist Test Kits
Water Sampling Kit
Silver Test Kit
Chloride Test Kit (Glysacorr® G93-94)
Biocide Test Kits
Cutting Fluid Test Kit
Equipment
DIGI Test Kits
DIGI Titration
DIGI Colorimetry
DIGI Photometry
DIGI Portable Laboratories
ECON Test Kits
ECON Comparator
ECON Test Strips
ECON Drop Test Kits
Glycol Refractometer
Biocide Test Kits
Chloride Test Kit
Silver Test Kit
Cutting Fluid Test Kits
Test Meters
pH Test Meters
Conductivity / TDS Test Meters
Multi-Parameter Test Meters
ORP / Redox Test Meters
Dissolved Oxygen Test Meters
Temperature
Microbiological Testing
Field Incubator
Dipslides
Legionella L8 Test Kits
Case and Foams
Spare Equipment & Consumables
Reagents & Sachets
Water Reagents
Reagent Powder Sachets
Water Chemistries
Acidity
Alkalinity
Aluminium
Ammonia
Bacteria - Denitrifying
Bacteria - Sulphate Reducing Anaerobic
Bacteria - Aerobic
Bromine
Chloride
Chlorine
Chlorine Dioxide
Chromium
C.O.D. (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
Conductivity
Copper
Cyanuric Acid
DEHA
Dissolved Oxygen
Glycol
Hardness
Hydrazine
Hydrogen Peroxide
Iron
Isothiazolinone
Manganese
Molybdate
Nitrate
Nitrite
Ozone
Peracetic Acid
pH
Phosphate
Phosphonate
Polyacrylate
Potassium
QUAT / PolyQUAT
REDOX
Silica
Silver Peroxide
Sulphate
Sulphite
Tannin
TDS (Total Dissolved Solids)
Temperature
THPS
Turbidity
Yeast / Fungi
Zinc
Machinery Condition
Applications
Iron & Steel
On-line Condition Monitoring
ANALEXrs Total Ferrous Debris Sensor
ANALEXrs Particle Content Sensor
ANALEXrs Oil Condition Sensor
ANALEXrs Moisture Sensor
Off-line Condition Monitoring
PQ Manual equipment
PQ Automatic equipment
PQ Field Testing
Sampling Systems
Particle Deposition
PPM Manual Equipment
Marine
On-line Condition Monitoing
ANALEXrs Scrapedown Total Ferrous Debris Sensor
ANALEXrs Particle Content Sensor
ANALEXrs Oil Condition Sensor
ANALEXrs Moisture Sensor
Military
On-line Condition Monitoring
ANALEXrs Total Ferrous Debris Sensor
ANALEXrs Particle Content Sensor
ANALEXrs Oil Condition Sensor
ANALEXrs Moisture Sensor
Off-line Condition Monitoring
PQ Manual equipment
PQ Automatic equipment
PQ Field Testing
Sampling systems
Particle Deposition
PPM Manual Equipment
Mines & Quarries
On-line Condition Monitoring
ANALEXrs Total Ferrous Debris Sensor
ANALEXrs Particle Content Sensor
ANALEXrs Oil Condition Sensor
ANALEXrs Moisture Sensor
Off-line Condition Monitoring
PQ Manual equipment
PQ Automatic equipment
PQ Field equipment
Sampling equipment
Particle Deposition
PPM Manual Equipment
Power Generation
On-line Condition Monitoring
ANALEXrs Total Ferrous Debris Sensor
ANALEXrs Particle Content Sensor
ANALEXrs Oil Condition Sensor
ANALEXrs Moisture Sensor
Off-line Condition Monitoring
PQ Manual equipment
PQ Automatic equipment
PQ Field equipment
Sampling equipment
Particle Deposition
PPM Manual Equipment
Transport
On-line Condition Monitoring
ANALEXrs Total Ferrous Debris Sensor
ANALEXrs Particle Content Sensor
ANALEXrs Oil Condition Sensor
ANALEXrs Moisture Sensor
Off-line Condition Monitoring
PQ Manual equipment
PQ Automatic equipment
PQ Field equipment
Sampling equipment
Particle Deposition
PPM Manual Equipment
Used Oil Analysis
PQ Manual equipment
PQ Automatic equipment
PQ Field Testing
&nbs